Impact of handgrip exercise and ischemic preconditioning on local and remote protection against endothelial reperfusion injury in young men

Abstract

Ischemic preconditioning (IPC), cyclical bouts of nonlethal ischemia, provides immediate protection against ischemic injury, which is evident both locally and remotely. Given the similarities in protective effects of exercise with ischemic preconditioning, we examined whether handgrip exercise also offers protection against endothelial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury and whether this protection is equally present in the local (exercised) and remote (contralateral, nonexercised) arm. Fifteen healthy males (age, 24 ± 3 yr; body mass index, 25 ± 2 kg/m2) attended the laboratory on three occasions. Bilateral brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was examined at rest and after a temporary IR injury in the upper arm. Before the IR injury, in the dominant (local) arm, participants performed (randomized, counterbalanced): 1) 4 × 5 min unilateral handgrip exercise (50% maximal voluntary contraction), 2) 4 × 5 min unilateral IPC (220 mmHg), or 3) 4 × 5 min rest (control). Data were analyzed using repeated-measures general linear models. Allometrically scaled FMD declined after IR in the control condition (4.6 ± 1.3% to 2.2 ± 1.7%, P < 0.001), as well as following handgrip exercise (4.6 ± 1.6% to 3.4 ± 1.9%, P = 0.01), however, was significantly attenuated with IPC (4.5 ± 1.4% to 3.8 ± 3.5%, P = 0.14). There were no differences between the local and remote arm. Our findings reinforce the established protective effects of IPC in young, healthy males and also highlight a novel strategy to protect against IR injury with handgrip exercise, which warrants further study.