Static respiratory muscle work during immersion with positive and negative respiratory loading

Abstract

Upright immersion imposes a pressure imbalance across the thorax. This study examined the effects of air-delivery pressure on inspiratory muscle work during upright immersion. Eight subjects performed respiratory pressure-volume relaxation maneuvers while seated in air (control) and during immersion. Hydrostatic, respiratory elastic (lung and chest wall), and resultant static respiratory muscle work components were computed. During immersion, the effects of four air-delivery pressures were evaluated: mouth pressure (uncompensated); the pressure at the lung centroid (Pl,c); and at Pl,c ±0.98 kPa. When breathing at pressures less than the Pl,c, subjects generally defended an expiratory reserve volume (ERV) greater than the immersed relaxation volume, minus residual volume, resulting in additional inspiratory muscle work. The resultant static inspiratory muscle work, computed over a 1-liter tidal volume above the ERV, increased from 0.23 J ⋅ l−1, when subjects were breathing at Pl,c, to 0.83 J ⋅ l−1 at Pl,c −0.98 kPa ( P < 0.05), and to 1.79 J ⋅ l−1 at mouth pressure ( P < 0.05). Under the control state, and during the above experimental conditions, static expiratory work was minimal. When breathing at Pl,c +0.98 kPa, subjects adopted an ERV less than the immersed relaxation volume, minus residual volume, resulting in 0.36 J ⋅ l−1 of expiratory muscle work. Thus static inspiratory muscle work varied with respiratory loading, whereas Pl,c air supply minimized this work during upright immersion, restoring lung-tissue, chest-wall, and static muscle work to levels obtained in the control state.