Glucokinase activation repairs defective bioenergetics of islets of Langerhans isolated from type 2 diabetics

Abstract

It was reported previously that isolated human islets from individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) show reduced glucose-stimulated insulin release. To assess the possibility that impaired bioenergetics may contribute to this defect, glucose-stimulated respiration (V̇o2), glucose usage and oxidation, intracellular Ca2+, and insulin secretion (IS) were measured in pancreatic islets isolated from three healthy and three type 2 diabetic organ donors. Isolated mouse and rat islets were studied for comparison. Islets were exposed to a “staircase” glucose stimulus, whereas IR and V̇o2were measured. V̇o2of human islets from normals and diabetics increased sigmoidally from equal baselines of 0.25 nmol/100 islets/min as a function of glucose concentration. Maximal V̇o2of normal islets at 24 mM glucose was 0.40 ± 0.02 nmol·min−1·100 islets−1, and the glucose S0.5was 4.39 ± 0.10 mM. The glucose stimulation of respiration of islets from diabetics was lower, Vmaxof 0.32 ± 0.01 nmol·min−1·100 islets−1, and the S0.5shifted to 5.43 ± 0.13 mM. Glucose-stimulated IS and the rise of intracellular Ca2+were also reduced in diabetic islets. A clinically effective glucokinase activator normalized the defective V̇o2, IR, and free calcium responses during glucose stimulation in islets from type 2 diabetics. The body of data shows that there is a clear relationship between the pancreatic islet energy (ATP) production rate and IS. This relationship was similar for normal human, mouse, and rat islets and the data for all species fitted a single sigmoidal curve. The shared threshold rate for IS was ∼13 pmol·min−1·islet−1. Exendin-4, a GLP-1 analog, shifted the ATP production-IS curve to the left and greatly potentiated IS with an ATP production rate threshold of ∼10 pmol·min−1·islet−1. Our data suggest that impaired β-cell bioenergetics resulting in greatly reduced ATP production is critical in the molecular pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus.