Effect of salt on hypertension and oxidative stress in a rat model of diet-induced obesity

Abstract

High-salt diet is known to induce or aggravate hypertension in animal models of hypertension and in humans. When Sprague-Dawley rats ( n = 60) are fed a moderately high-fat diet (32% kcal fat, 0.8% NaCl) for 10 wk, about one-half develop obesity [obesity prone (OP)] and mild hypertension, whereas the other half [obesity resistant (OR)] maintain body weight equivalent to a low-fat control (C) and are normotensive. The aim of this study was to test the effect of high-NaCl diets (2 and 4% NaCl) on the development of hypertension and obesity, oxidative stress, and renal function. Both 2 and 4% NaCl induced an early increase in systolic blood pressure of OP but not OR or C rats. High-salt intake induced an increase in the size and reduction in number of adipocytes, concomitant to a twofold increase in circulating leptin in OP rats. Aortic superoxide generation indicated a 2.8-fold increase in the OP high-salt vs. normal-salt groups, whereas urine isoprostanes were not significantly increased. Also, hydroxynonenal protein adducts in the kidney were highly increased in OP rats on 2 and 4% NaCl, indicating oxidative stress in the renal tissue. Urine albumin was increased threefold in the OP on 2% NaCl and fourfold in the same group on 4% NaCl vs. 0.8% NaCl. Kidney histology indicated a higher degree of glomerulosclerosis in OP rats on high-salt diets. In summary, high-salt diet accelerated the development but did not increase the severity of hypertension; high salt increased oxidative stress in the vasculature and kidney and induced kidney glomerulosclerosis and microalbuminuria. Also, the OP rats on high salt displayed adipocyte hypertrophy and increased leptin production.