Cheap labor: myosin fiber type expression and enzyme activity in the forelimb musculature of sloths (Pilosa: Xenarthra)

Abstract

Sloths are canopy-dwelling inhabitants of American neotropical rainforests that exhibit suspensory behaviors. These abilities require both strength and muscular endurance to hang for extended periods of time; however, the skeletal muscle mass of sloths is reduced, thus requiring modifications to muscle architecture and leverage for large joint torque. We hypothesize that intrinsic muscle properties are also modified for fatigue resistance and predict a heterogeneous expression of slow/fast myosin heavy chain (MHC) fibers that utilize oxidative metabolic pathways for economic force production. MHC fiber type distribution and energy metabolism in the forelimb muscles of three-toed ( Bradypus variegatus, n = 5) and two-toed ( Choloepus hoffmanni, n = 4) sloths were evaluated using SDS-PAGE, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme activity assays. The results partially support our hypothesis by a primary expression of the slow MHC-1 isoform as well as moderate expression of fast MHC-2A fibers, whereas few hybrid MHC-1/2A fibers were found in both species. MHC-1 fibers were larger in cross-sectional area (CSA) than MHC-2A fibers and comprised the greatest percentage of CSA in each muscle sampled. Enzyme assays showed elevated activity for the anaerobic enzymes creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase compared with low activity for aerobic markers citrate synthase and 3-hydroxyacetyl CoA dehydrogenase. These findings suggest that sloth forelimb muscles may rely heavily on rapid ATP resynthesis pathways, and lactate accumulation may be beneficial. The intrinsic properties observed match well with suspensory requirements, and these modifications may have further evolved in unison with low metabolism and slow movement patterns as means to systemically conserve energy. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Myosin heavy chain (MHC) fiber type and fiber metabolic properties were evaluated to understand the ability of sloths to remain suspended for extended periods without muscle fatigue. Broad distributions of large, slow MHC-1 fibers as well as small, fast MHC-2A fibers are expressed in sloth forelimbs, but muscle metabolism is generally not correlated with myosin fiber type or body size. Sloth muscles rely on rapid, anaerobic pathways to resist fatigue and sustain force production.