Exploration of the polarization angle variability of the Crab Nebula with POLARBEAR and its application to the search for axionlike particles

Author:

Adachi Shunsuke1ORCID,Adkins Tylor2ORCID,Baccigalupi Carlo345ORCID,Chinone Yuji67ORCID,Crowley Kevin T.2ORCID,Errard Josquin8ORCID,Fabbian Giulio910ORCID,Feng Chang1111ORCID,Fujino Takuro12ORCID,Hasegawa Masaya13614ORCID,Hazumi Masashi61371514ORCID,Jeong Oliver2ORCID,Kaneko Daisuke6ORCID,Keating Brian2ORCID,Kusaka Akito71677ORCID,Lee Adrian T.216ORCID,Lonappan Anto I.17ORCID,Minami Yuto1819ORCID,Murata Masaaki7ORCID,Piccirillo Lucio20ORCID,Reichardt Christian L.21ORCID,Siritanasak Praween22ORCID,Spisak Jacob2ORCID,Takakura Satoru1ORCID,Teply Grant P.2,Yamada Kyohei7ORCID,

Affiliation:

1. Kyoto University

2. University of California

3. International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA)

4. Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe (IFPU)

5. National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN)

6. KEK

7. The University of Tokyo

8. Université Paris Cité

9. Flatiron Institute

10. Cardiff University

11. University of Science and Technology of China

12. Yokohama National University

13. High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)

14. The Graduate University for Advanced Studies

15. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS)

16. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

17. Università di Roma “Tor Vergata

18. Research Center for Nuclear Physics

19. Osaka University

20. University of Manchester

21. The University of Melbourne

22. National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand

Abstract

The Crab Nebula, also known as Tau A, is a polarized astronomical source at millimeter wavelengths. It has been used as a stable light source for polarization angle calibration in millimeter-wave astronomy. However, it is known that its intensity and polarization vary as a function of time at a variety of wavelengths. Thus, it is of interest to verify the stability of the millimeter-wave polarization. If detected, polarization variability may be used to better understand the dynamics of Tau A, and for understanding the validity of Tau A as a calibrator. One intriguing application of such observation is to use it for the search of axionlike particles (ALPs). Ultralight ALPs couple to photons through a Chern-Simons term, and induce a temporal oscillation in the polarization angle of linearly polarized sources. After assessing a number of systematic errors and testing for internal consistency, we evaluate the variability of the polarization angle of the Crab Nebula using 2015 and 2016 observations with the 150 GHz P instrument. We place a median 95% upper bound of polarization oscillation amplitude A<0.065° over the oscillation frequencies from 0.75year1 to 0.66hour1. Assuming that no sources other than ALP are causing Tau A’s polarization angle variation, that the ALP constitutes all the dark matter, and that the ALP field is a stochastic Gaussian field, this bound translates into a median 95% upper bound of ALP-photon coupling gaγγ<2.16×1012GeV1×(ma/1021eV) in the mass range from 9.9×1023eV to 7.7×1019eV. This demonstrates that this type of analysis using bright polarized sources is as competitive as those using the polarization of cosmic microwave background in constraining ALPs. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Funder

National Science Foundation

Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation

Simons Foundation

Japan Society for the Promotion of Science

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology

U.S. Department of Energy

Office of Science

High Energy Physics

Australian Research Council

Agenzia Spaziale Italiana

Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare

European Research Council

Horizon 2020 Framework Programme

University of Tokyo

World Premier International Research Center Initiative

James B. Ax Family Foundation

HORIZON

XPS

WINGS

Publisher

American Physical Society (APS)

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