Bell Nonlocality in Classical Systems Coexisting with Other System Types

Author:

Chiribella Giulio123ORCID,Giannelli Lorenzo14ORCID,Scandolo Carlo Maria56ORCID

Affiliation:

1. QICI Quantum Information and Computation Initiative, Department of Computer Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong

2. Quantum Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom

3. Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

4. HKU-Oxford Joint Laboratory for Quantum Information and Computation

5. Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

6. Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Abstract

The realistic interpretation of classical theory assumes that every classical system has well-defined properties, which may be unknown to the observer but are nevertheless part of reality and can, in principle, be revealed by measurements. Here we show that this interpretation can, in principle, be falsified if classical systems coexist with other types of physical systems. To make this point, we construct a toy theory that (i) includes classical theory as a subtheory and (ii) allows classical systems to be entangled with another type of system, called anticlassical. We show that our toy theory allows for the violation of Bell inequalities in two-party scenarios where one of the settings corresponds to a local measurement performed on a classical system alone. Building on this fact, we show that measurement outcomes in classical theory cannot, in general, be regarded as predetermined by the state of an underlying reality. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Funder

John Templeton Foundation

Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada

Institut Périmètre de physique théorique

Government of Canada

Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada

Ontario Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science

Changjiang Scholar Program of Chinese Ministry of Education

Hong Kong Research Grant Council

Senior Research Fellowship Scheme

Research Impact Fund

Province of Ontario

Publisher

American Physical Society (APS)

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