Human herpesvirus 6 reactivation and disease are infrequent in chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy recipients

Abstract

Abstract Human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) reactivation and disease are increasingly reported after chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy (CARTx). HHV-6 reactivation in the CAR T-cell product was recently reported, raising questions about product and patient management. Because of overlapping manifestations with immune effector cell–associated neurotoxicity syndrome, diagnosing HHV-6B encephalitis is challenging. We provide 2 lines of evidence assessing the incidence and outcomes of HHV-6B after CARTx. First, in a prospective study with weekly HHV-6B testing for up to 12 weeks after infusion, HHV-6B reactivation occurred in 8 of 89 participants; 3 had chromosomally integrated HHV-6 and were excluded, resulting in a cumulative incidence of HHV-6B reactivation of 6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2-12.5). HHV-6B detection was low level (median peak, 435 copies per mL; interquartile range, 164-979) and did not require therapy. Second, we retrospectively analyzed HHV-6B detection in the blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within 12 weeks after infusion in CARTx recipients. Of 626 patients, 24 had symptom-driven plasma testing, with detection in 1. Among 34 patients with CSF HHV-6 testing, 1 patient had possible HHV-6 encephalitis for a cumulative incidence of 0.17% (95% CI, 0.02-0.94), although symptoms improved without treatment. Our data demonstrate that HHV-6B reactivation and disease are infrequent after CARTx. Routine HHV-6 monitoring is not warranted.