Anti–G Protein–Coupled Receptor, Class C Group 5 Member D Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma: A Single-Arm, Phase Ⅱ Trial

Abstract

PURPOSE G protein–coupled receptor, class C group 5 member D (GPRC5D) is considered to be a promising surface target for multiple myeloma (MM) immunotherapy. Here, we report the efficacy and safety of anti-GPRC5D chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in patients with relapsed or refractory (R/R) MM. METHODS This phase Ⅱ, single-arm study enrolled patients (18-70 years) with R/R MM. Lymphodepletion was performed before patients received 2 × 106/kg anti-GPRC5D CAR T cells. The primary end point was the proportion of patients who achieved an overall response. Safety was also evaluated in eligible patients. RESULTS From September 1, 2021, to March 23, 2022, 33 patients were infused with anti-GPRC5D CAR T cells. At a median follow-up of 5.2 months (range, 3.2‐8.9), the overall response rate was 91% (95% CI, 76 to 98; 30 of 33 patients), including 11 (33%) stringent complete responses, 10 (30%) complete responses, four (12%) very good partial responses, and five (15%) partial responses. Partial responses or better were observed in nine (100%) of nine patients with previous anti–B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) CAR T-cell therapy, including two patients who had received repeated anti-BCMA CAR T-cell infusions with no responses at the last time. Grade 3 or higher hematologic toxicities were neutropenia (33 [100%]), anemia (17 [52%]), and thrombocytopenia (15 [45%]). Cytokine release syndrome occurred in 25 (76%) of 33 patients (all were grade 1 or 2), and neurotoxicities in three patients (one grade 2 and one grade 3 ICANSs and one grade 3 headache). CONCLUSION Anti-GPRC5D CAR T-cell therapy showed an encouraging clinical efficacy and manageable safety profile in patients with R/R MM. For patients with MM that progressed after anti-BCMA CAR T-cell therapy or that is refractory to anti-BCMA CAR T cell, anti-GPRC5D CAR T-cell therapy might be a potential alternative option.