Structure determination of three furan-substituted benzimidazoles and calculation of π–π and C—H...π interaction energies

Abstract

The synthesis and structural characterization of 2-(furan-2-yl)-1-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzimidazole [C16H12N2O2, (I)], 2-(furan-2-yl)-1-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-3-ium chloride monohydrate [C16H13N2O2+·Cl−·H2O, (II)] and the hydrobromide salt 5,6-dimethyl-2-(furan-2-yl)-1-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-3-ium bromide [C18H17N2O2+·Br−, (III)] are described. Benzimidazole (I) displays two sets of aromatic interactions, each of which involves pairs of molecules in a head-to-tail arrangement. The first, denoted set (Ia), exhibits both intermolecular C—H...π interactions between the 2-(furan-2-yl) (abbreviated as Fn) and 1-(furan-2-ylmethyl) (abbreviated as MeFn) substituents, and π–π interactions involving the Fn substituents between inversion-center-related molecules. The second, denoted set (Ib), involves π–π interactions involving both the benzene ring (Bz) and the imidazole ring (Im) of benzimidazole. Hydrated salt (II) exhibits N—H...OH2...Cl hydrogen bonding that results in chains of molecules parallel to theaaxis. There is also a head-to-head aromatic stacking of the protonated benzimidazole cations in which the Bz and Im rings of one molecule interact with the Im and Fn rings of adjacent molecules in the chain. Salt (III) displays N—H...Br hydrogen bonding and π–π interactions involving inversion-center-related benzimidazole rings in a head-to-tail arrangement. In all of the π–π interactions observed, the interacting moieties are shifted with respect to each other along the major molecular axis. Basis set superposition energy-corrected (counterpoise method) interaction energies were calculated for each interaction [DFT, M06-2X/6-31+G(d)] employing atomic coordinates obtained in the crystallographic analyses for heavy atoms and optimized H-atom coordinates. The calculated interaction energies are −43.0, −39.8, −48.5, and −55.0 kJ mol−1for (Ia), (Ib), (II), and (III), respectively. For (Ia), the analysis was used to partition the interaction energies into the C—H...π and π–π components, which are 9.4 and 24.1 kJ mol−1, respectively. Energy-minimized structures were used to determine the optimal interplanar spacing, the slip distance along the major molecular axis, and the slip distance along the minor molecular axis for 2-(furan-2-yl)-1H-benzimidazole.