Rosiglitazone and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 Cause Potent Neuroprotection after Experimental Stroke through Noncompletely Overlapping Mechanisms

Abstract

Stroke triggers an inflammatory cascade which contributes to a delayed cerebral damage, thus implying that antiinflammmatory strategies might be useful in the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke. Since two unrelated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonists, the thiazolidinedione rosiglitazone (RSG) and the cyclopentenone prostaglandin 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), have been shown to possess antiinflammatory properties, we have tested their neuroprotective effects in experimental stroke. Rosiglitazone or 15d-PGJ2 were administered to rats 10 mins or 2 h after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Stroke outcome was evaluated by determination of infarct volume and assesment of neurological scores. Brains were collected for protein expression, gene array analyses and gene shift assays. Our results show that both compounds decrease MCAO-induced infarct size and improve neurological scores. At late times, the two compounds converge in the inhibition of MCAO-induced brain expression of inducible NO synthase and the matrix metalloproteinase 9. Interestingly, at early times, complementary DNA microarrays and gene shift assays show that different mechanisms are recruited. Analysis of early nuclear p65 and late cytosolic IκBα protein levels shows that both compounds inhibit nuclear factor-κB signalling, although at different levels. All these results suggest both PPARγ-dependent and independent pathways, and might be useful to design both therapeutic strategies and prognostic markers for stroke.