Interaction dynamics between innate and adaptive immune cells responding to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in non-human primates

Author:

Schramm Chaim A.ORCID,Moon DameeORCID,Peyton LowreyORCID,Lima Noemia S.,Wake Christian,Boswell Kristin L.,Henry Amy R.,Laboune Farida,Ambrozak David,Darko Samuel W.,Teng I-Ting,Foulds Kathryn E.ORCID,Carfi AndreaORCID,Edwards Darin K.ORCID,Kwong Peter D.ORCID,Koup Richard A.,Seder Robert A.ORCID,Douek Daniel C.ORCID

Abstract

AbstractAs SARS-CoV-2 variants continue evolving, testing updated vaccines in non-human primates remains important for guiding human clinical practice. To date, such studies have focused on antibody titers and antigen-specific B and T cell frequencies. Here, we extend our understanding by integrating innate and adaptive immune responses to mRNA-1273 vaccination in rhesus macaques. We sorted innate immune cells from a pre-vaccine time point, as well as innate immune cells and antigen-specific peripheral B and T cells two weeks after each of two vaccine doses and used single-cell sequencing to assess the transcriptomes and adaptive immune receptors of each cell. We show that a subset of S-specific T cells expresses cytokines critical for activating innate responses, with a concomitant increase in CCR5-expressing intermediate monocytes and a shift of natural killer cells to a more cytotoxic phenotype. The second vaccine dose, administered 4 weeks after the first, elicits an increase in circulating germinal center-like B cells 2 weeks later, which are more clonally expanded and enriched for epitopes in the receptor binding domain. Both doses stimulate inflammatory response genes associated with elevated antibody production. Overall, we provide a comprehensive picture of bidirectional signaling between innate and adaptive components of the immune system and suggest potential mechanisms for the enhanced response to secondary exposure.

Publisher

Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Subject

General Physics and Astronomy,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology,General Chemistry,Multidisciplinary

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