Author:
Sen Gupta Alex,Thomsen Mads,Benthuysen Jessica A.,Hobday Alistair J.,Oliver Eric,Alexander Lisa V.,Burrows Michael T.,Donat Markus G.,Feng Ming,Holbrook Neil J.,Perkins-Kirkpatrick Sarah,Moore Pippa J.,Rodrigues Regina R.,Scannell Hillary A.,Taschetto Andréa S.,Ummenhofer Caroline C.,Wernberg Thomas,Smale Dan A.
Abstract
AbstractProlonged high-temperature extreme events in the ocean, marine heatwaves, can have severe and long-lasting impacts on marine ecosystems, fisheries and associated services. This study applies a marine heatwave framework to analyse a global sea surface temperature product and identify the most extreme events, based on their intensity, duration and spatial extent. Many of these events have yet to be described in terms of their physical attributes, generation mechanisms, or ecological impacts. Our synthesis identifies commonalities between marine heatwave characteristics and seasonality, links to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, triggering processes and impacts on ocean productivity. The most intense events preferentially occur in summer, when climatological oceanic mixed layers are shallow and winds are weak, but at a time preceding climatological maximum sea surface temperatures. Most subtropical extreme marine heatwaves were triggered by persistent atmospheric high-pressure systems and anomalously weak wind speeds, associated with increased insolation, and reduced ocean heat losses. Furthermore, the most extreme events tended to coincide with reduced chlorophyll-a concentration at low and mid-latitudes. Understanding the importance of the oceanic background state, local and remote drivers and the ocean productivity response from past events are critical steps toward improving predictions of future marine heatwaves and their impacts.
Funder
Brian Mason Trust
National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Marine Environmental Observation, Prediction and Response Network
ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes
Spanish Ministry for the Economy, Industry and Competitiveness Ramón y Cajal 2017
Marie Curie Career Integration Grant
Natural Environment Research Council
Australian Research Council
Early Career Scientist Endowed Fund, George E. Thibault Early Career Scientist Fund
The Joint Initiative Awards Fund from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation at WHOI
UKRI Future Leaders Fellowship
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Cited by
161 articles.
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