Abstract
AbstractWhile over 100 genes have been associated with autism, little is known about the prevalence of variants affecting them in individuals without a diagnosis of autism. Nor do we fully appreciate the phenotypic diversity beyond the formal autism diagnosis. Based on data from more than 13,000 individuals with autism and 210,000 undiagnosed individuals, we estimated the odds ratios for autism associated to rare loss-of-function (LoF) variants in 185 genes associated with autism, alongside 2,492 genes displaying intolerance to LoF variants. In contrast to autism-centric approaches, we investigated the correlates of these variants in individuals without a diagnosis of autism. We show that these variants are associated with a small but significant decrease in fluid intelligence, qualification level and income and an increase in metrics related to material deprivation. These effects were larger for autism-associated genes than in other LoF-intolerant genes. Using brain imaging data from 21,040 individuals from the UK Biobank, we could not detect significant differences in the overall brain anatomy between LoF carriers and non-carriers. Our results highlight the importance of studying the effect of the genetic variants beyond categorical diagnosis and the need for more research to understand the association between these variants and sociodemographic factors, to best support individuals carrying these variants.
Funder
Simons Foundation
Innovative Medicines Initiative
Lundbeckfonden
Institut Pasteur
Fondation Bettencourt Schueller
EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme
Aarhus Universitet
Københavns Universitet
Wellcome Trust
Autism Speaks
European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations
Autistica
Templeton World Charity Foundation
RCUK | MRC | Medical Research Foundation
DH | National Institute for Health Research
Université Paris Diderot
This work was funded by the Conny-Maeva Charitable Foundation, the Cognacq Jay Foundation, the Eranet-Neuron (ALTRUISM), and the GenMed Labex.
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Subject
General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology,General Medicine
Cited by
10 articles.
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