RapidET: a MEMS-based platform for label-free and rapid demarcation of tumors from normal breast biopsy tissues

Abstract

AbstractThe rapid and label-free diagnosis of malignancies in ex vivo breast biopsy tissues has significant utility in pathology laboratories and operating rooms. We report a MEMS-based platform integrated with microchips that performs phenotyping of breast biopsy tissues using electrothermal sensing. The microchip, fabricated on a silicon substrate, incorporates a platinum microheater, interdigitated electrodes (IDEs), and resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) as on-chip sensing elements. The microchips are integrated onto the platform using a slide-fit contact enabling quick replacement for biological measurements. The bulk resistivity (ρB), surface resistivity (ρS), and thermal conductivity (k) of deparaffinized and formalin-fixed paired tumor and adjacent normal breast biopsy samples fromN = 8 patients were measured. For formalin-fixed samples, the meanρBfor tumors showed a statistically significant fold change of 4.42 (P = 0.014) when the tissue was heated from 25 °C to 37 °C compared to the adjacent normal tissue, which showed a fold change of 3.47. The meanρSmeasurements also showed a similar trend. The meankof the formalin-fixed tumor tissues was 0.309 ± 0.02 W m−1 K−1compared to a significantly higherkof 0.563 ± 0.028 W m−1 K−1for the adjacent normal tissues. A similar trend was observed inρB,ρS,andkfor the deparaffinized tissue samples. An analysis of a combination ofρB,ρS, andkusing Fisher’s combined probability test and linear regression suggests the advantage of using all three parameters simultaneously for distinguishing tumors from adjacent normal tissues with higher statistical significance.