1. School of Materials, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
2. Engineering Research Center of Seawater Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
3. Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, , Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K.
4. Digital Environment Research Institute (DERI), Empire House, 67-75 New Road, London E1 1HH, U.K.