1. Cnyrim, A. , S. Hagemann and J. Neu (2013) ‘Towards a Framework of Reference for Translation Competence’, in D. Kiraly , S. Hansen-Schirra and K. Maksymski (eds) New Prospects and Perspectives for Educating Language Mediators, Tübingen: Narr, 9–34. Uses a five-level framework of reference for translation competence to conceptualize, for example, the development of translation competence during the course of specific BA and MA degree programmes in translation studies.