Preservation of hypericin and related polycyclic quinone pigments in fossil crinoids

Author:

Wolkenstein Klaus1,Gross Jürgen H2,Falk Heinz3,Schöler Heinz F1

Affiliation:

1. Institute of Environmental Geochemistry, University of HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 236, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

2. Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

3. Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of LinzAltenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria

Abstract

The fringelite pigments, a group of phenanthroperylene quinones discovered in purple coloured specimens of the Upper Jurassic crinoid Liliocrinus , demonstrate exceptional preservation of organic compounds in macrofossils. Here we report the finding of hypericin and related phenanthroperylene quinones in Liliocrinus munsterianus from the original ‘Fringeli’ locality and in the Middle Triassic crinoid Carnallicrinus carnalli . Our results show that fringelites in fact consist of hypericin and closely related derivatives and that the stratigraphic range of phenanthroperylene quinones is much wider than previously known. The fossil occurrence of hypericin indicates a polyketide biosynthesis of hypericin-type pigments in Mesozoic crinoids analogous to similar polyketides, which occur in living crinoids. The common presence of a characteristic distribution pattern of the fossil pigments and related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons further suggests that this assemblage is the result of a stepwise degradation of hypericin via a general diagenetic pathway.

Publisher

The Royal Society

Subject

General Agricultural and Biological Sciences,General Environmental Science,General Immunology and Microbiology,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology,General Medicine

Reference38 articles.

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