DNA barcoding cannot reliably identify species of the blowfly genusProtocalliphora(Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Author:

Whitworth T.L1,Dawson R.D2,Magalon H3,Baudry E4

Affiliation:

1. Washington State University2533 Inter Avenue, Puyallup, WA 98372, USA

2. University of Northern British ColumbiaPrince George, British Columbia V2N 4Z9, Canada

3. Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Université Paris VIParis 75252, France

4. Laboratoire Ecologie, Systematique et Evolution, Université Paris-SudBâtiment 362, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France

Abstract

In DNA barcoding, a short standardized DNA sequence is used to assign unknown individuals to species and aid in the discovery of new species. A fragment of the mitochondrial gene cytochromecoxidase subunit 1 is emerging as the standard barcode region for animals. However, patterns of mitochondrial variability can be confounded by the spread of maternally transmitted bacteria that cosegregate with mitochondria. Here, we investigated the performance of barcoding in a sample comprising 12 species of the blow fly genusProtocalliphora, known to be infected with the endosymbiotic bacteriaWolbachia. We found that the barcoding approach showed very limited success: assignment of unknown individuals to species is impossible for 60% of the species, while using the technique to identify new species would underestimate the species number in the genus by 75%. This very low success of the barcoding approach is due to the non-monophyly of many of the species at the mitochondrial level. We even observed individuals from four different species with identical barcodes, which is, to our knowledge, the most extensive case of mtDNA haplotype sharing yet described. The pattern ofWolbachiainfection strongly suggests that the lack of within-species monophyly results from introgressive hybridization associated withWolbachiainfection. Given thatWolbachiais known to infect between 15 and 75% of insect species, we conclude that identification at the species level based on mitochondrial sequence might not be possible for many insects. However, given thatWolbachia-associated mtDNA introgression is probably limited to very closely related species, identification at the genus level should remain possible.

Publisher

The Royal Society

Subject

General Agricultural and Biological Sciences,General Environmental Science,General Immunology and Microbiology,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology,General Medicine

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