I. On the formation of ripple-mark in sand

Abstract

The following paper contains an account of experiments and observations on the formation of ripple-mark in sand. The first section is devoted to experiments on the general conditions under which ripplemark is formed, and especially on the mode of formation and maintenance of irregular ripples by currents. In the second section it is shown that regular ripple-mark in sand is due to a complex arrangement of vortices in oscillating water; and the last section gives some account of the views of certain recent observers in this field, and a discussion of some phenomena in the vortex motion of air and water.