Regulative germ cell specification in axolotl embryos: a primitive trait conserved in the mammalian lineage

Author:

Johnson Andrew D.12,Crother Brian3,White Mary E.3,Patient Roger1,Bachvarova Rosemary F.4,Drum Matthew2,Masi Thomas2

Affiliation:

1. Department of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

2. Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahasse, FL 32306, USA

3. Department of Biological Science, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA 70402, USA

4. Department of Cell Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York City, NY 10021, USA

Abstract

How germ cells are specified in the embryos of animals has been a mystery for decades. Unlike most developmental processes, which are highly conserved, embryos specify germ cells in very different ways. Curiously, in mouse embryos germ cells are specified by extracellular signals; they are not autonomously specified by maternal germ cell determinants (germ plasm), as are the germ cells in most animal model systems. We have developed the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), a salamander, as an experimental system, because classic experiments have shown that the germ cells in this species are induced by extracellular signals in the absence of germ plasm. Here, we provide evidence that the germ cells in axolotls arise from naive mesoderm in response to simple inducing agents. In addition, by analysing the sequences of axolotl germ–cell–specific genes, we provide evidence that mice and urodele amphibians share a common mechanism of germ cell development that is ancestral to tetrapods. Our results imply that germ plasm, as found in species such as frogs and teleosts, is the result of convergent evolution. We discuss the evolutionary implications of our findings.

Publisher

The Royal Society

Subject

General Agricultural and Biological Sciences,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology

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