Plant Extracts for Type 2 Diabetes: Mechanisms, Clinical Implications and Future Directions—A Systematic Review

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease that is escalating globally and imposing a substantial burden on patients and society. Given the increasing prevalence of T2DM and the inadequacy of conventional therapeutic options, plant extracts have garnered significant attention as natural medicines. These extracts primarily encompass polyphenols, alkaloids, and polysaccharides. This review assesses the efficacy of these plant extracts in preventing and treating T2DM and its complications by collecting and analyzing relevant clinical trials and human studies to elucidate their mechanisms of action. Additionally, it highlights the role of plant extracts as adjunctive therapies in diabetes management while underscoring their promising applications in clinical practice. However, caution should be exercised due to potential risks associated with the use of plant extracts; further evaluation regarding their toxicities and interactions is warranted. We anticipate that our comprehensive review will offer improved treatment options for T2DM while inspiring advancements in botanical medicine.