Investigating Fungi-Derived Bioactive Molecules as Inhibitor of the SARS Coronavirus Papain Like Protease: Computational Based Study

Abstract

Due to the rapid growth of the COVID-19 pandemic and its outcomes, developing a remedy to fight the predicament is critical. So far, it has infected more than 214,468,601 million people and caused the death of 4,470,969 million people according to the August 27, 2021, World Health Organization's (WHO) report. Several studies have been published on both computational and wet-lab approaches to develop antivirals for COVID-19, although there has been no success yet. However, the wet-lab approach is laborious, expensive, and time-consuming, and computational techniques have screened the activity of bioactive compounds from different sources with less effort and cost. For this investigation, we screened the binding affinity of fungi-derived bioactive molecules toward the SARS coronavirus papain-like protease (PLpro) by using computational approaches. Studies showed that protease inhibitors can be very effective in controlling virus-induced infections. Additionally, fungi represent a vast source of bioactive molecules, which could be potentially used for antiviral therapy. Fifty fungi-derived bioactive compounds were investigated concerning SARS-CoV-2 PLpro by using Auto Dock 4.2.1, Gromacs 2018. 2, ADMET, Swiss-ADME, FAF-Drugs 4.023, pKCSM, and UCLA-DOE server. From the list of the screened bioactive compounds, Dihydroaltersolanol C, Anthraquinone, Nigbeauvin A, and Catechin were selected with the Auto-Dock results of −8.68, −7.52, −10.46, and −10.58 Kcal/mol, respectively, based on their binding affinity compared to the reference drug. We presented the drug likeliness, toxicity, carcinogenicity, and mutagenicity of all compounds using ADMET analysis. They interacted with the amino acid residues, Gly163, Trp106, Ser111, Asp164, and Cys270, through hydrogen bonds. The root-mean-square deviation (RMSD), root-mean-square fluctuations (RMSF), solvent-accessible surface area (SASA), and radius of gyration (Rg) values revealed a stable interaction. From the overall analyses, we can conclude that Dihydroaltersolanol C, Anthraquinone, Nigbeauvin A, and Catechin are classified as promising candidates for PLpro, thus potentially useful in developing a medicine for COVID-19.