Stackelberg game-based three-stage optimal pricing and planning strategy for hybrid shared energy storage

Abstract

Inspired from sharing economy and advanced energy storage technologies, hybrid shared energy storage (HSES), as an innovative business model, can provide flexible storage leasing services to new energy stations (NESs) and bring additional profits to the energy storage owner. Under this business model, pricing and planning issues are the main focus of the HSES operator to increase revenues but are rarely considered in current studies. Therefore, a Stackelberg game-based three-stage optimal pricing and planning strategy of HSES is formulated for the operator. First, an HSES model considering two leasing options is developed to provide two kinds of short-term use rights of energy storage resources for NESs. Then, the interactions between selfish NESs and the HSES operator are characterized as a Stackelberg game, and a bi-level pricing and planning strategy optimization model is developed to help the HSES operator make optimal decisions. Finally, considering different characteristics in each stage of the Stackelberg game, a three-stage solution method based on the genetic algorithm (GA) and mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) models is proposed to solve the optimization problem. Case studies on six NESs in a certain region are taken to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. Simulation results show that the HSES operator can obtain maximum profit under the proposed pricing and planning strategy. In addition, the proposed HSES leasing model can provide additional benefits to both the operator and NESs.