1. Abu-Lughod, Janet L. 1991. Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250- 1350. New York: Oxford University Press.
2. Abulafia, David. 1988. "The Levant Trade in the Minor Cities in the Thirteenth and Four- teenth Centuries: Strengths and Weaknesses." Asian and African Studies 22.
3. Abulafia, David. 1996. The Role of Trade in Muslim-Christian Contact during the Middle Ages. In The Arab Influence in Medieval Europe: Folia Scholastica Mediterranea, ed. Dionisius Agius and Richard Hitchcock. Reading: Ithaca Press.
4. "Reversal of Fortune: Geogra- phy and Institutions in the Making of the Modern World Income Distribution;Acemoglu;" Quarterly Journal of Economics,2002
5. Adshead, Samuel. 2004. T'ang China: The Rise of the East in World History. New York, NY: Palgrave McMillan.