Whey Protein, L-Leucine and Vitamin D Supplementation for Preserving Lean Mass during a Low-Calorie Diet in Sarcopenic Obese Women

Abstract

In sarcopenic obese subjects it is essential to reduce body weight and preserve lean mass, in order to avoid a worsening of muscle function. Several studies have shown that leucine supplementation can be useful to improve skeletal muscle mass in sarcopenic patients. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a short-term low-calorie diet (LCD) combined with supplementation with whey protein and leucine on weight loss, lean mass and muscle strength in sarcopenic, obese, hyperinsulinemic and post-menopausal women. Sixteen females with a mean age of 60 years (range: 50–70 years), BMI 37.6 kg/m2 (range: 31.7–44.1 Kg/m2), HOMA-index ≥ 2.5 (range: 2.9–12) were assigned to an LCD regimen (1000 kcal/day) with supplementation of 18 g whey proteins which 4.1 g of leucine for 45 days. Anthropometric indexes, blood and urine chemistry, body composition by DEXA, muscle strength by handgrip test and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) were assessed at baseline and at the end of the treatment. A significant reduction in BMI (37.6 vs. 35.7 Kg/m2), waist circumference (107 vs. 102.4 cm), HOMA index (4.8 vs. 2.3) and fasting insulin (17.4 vs. 10.4 μIU/mL) was observed in all patients. Women preserved total lean body mass (55 vs. 5%) and significantly improved their muscle strength, as measured by handgrip (15.3 vs. 20.1 Kg), and their muscle function, as measured by SPPB (7.5 vs. 8.9). A significant increase in BUN was also observed (36.1 vs. 46.3). We conclude that LCD with adequate protein intake and supplementation with whey protein and leucine should be promoted to maintain muscle mass and improve muscle strength in post-menopausal women with sarcopenic obesity.