A Comprehensive Review of Pesticide Residues in Peppers

Author:

Shim Jae-Han1,Eun Jong-Bang2,Zaky Ahmed A.3ORCID,Hussein Ahmed S.3,Hacimüftüoğlu Ahmet45,Abd El-Aty A. M.46ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea

2. Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea

3. Department of Food Technology, Food Industries and Nutrition Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt

4. Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey

5. Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey

6. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt

Abstract

Pesticides are chemicals that are used to control pests such as insects, fungi, and weeds. Pesticide residues can remain on crops after application. Peppers are popular and versatile foods that are valued for their flavor, nutrition, and medicinal properties. The consumption of raw or fresh peppers (bell and chili) can have important health benefits due to their high levels of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Therefore, it is crucial to consider factors such as pesticide use and preparation methods to fully realize these benefits. Ensuring that the levels of pesticide residues in peppers are not harmful to human health requires rigorous and continuous monitoring. Several analytical methods, such as gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), mass spectrometry (MS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), can detect and quantify pesticide residues in peppers. The choice of analytical method depends on the specific pesticide, that is being tested for and the type of sample being analyzed. The sample preparation method usually involves several processes. This includes extraction, which is used to separate the pesticides from the pepper matrix, and cleanup, which removes any interfering substances that could affect the accuracy of the analysis. Regulatory agencies or food safety organizations typically monitor pesticide residues in peppers by stipulating maximum residue limits (MRLs). Herein, we discuss various sample preparation, cleanup, and analytical techniques, as well as the dissipation patterns and application of monitoring strategies for analyzing pesticides in peppers to help safeguard against potential human health risks. From the authors’ perspective, several challenges and limitations exist in the analytical approach to monitoring pesticide residues in peppers. These include the complexity of the matrix, the limited sensitivity of some analytical methods, cost and time, a lack of standard methods, and limited sample size. Furthermore, developing new analytical methods, using machine learning and artificial intelligence, promoting sustainable and organic growing practices, improving sample preparation methods, and increasing standardization could assist efficiently in analyzing pesticide residues in peppers.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Plant Science,Health Professions (miscellaneous),Health (social science),Microbiology,Food Science

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