Development of a Fast Method Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Exploration of the Reduction Mechanism of Cr(VI) in Foods

Abstract

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is known as the most hazardous species of chromium. Speciation analysis of Cr in foods is of a great significance for assessing its influences on human health. In this study, a fast HPLC-ICP-MS method for the determination of Cr(VI) was developed for determining the content of Cr(VI) and also investigating its transformation in foods. The developed method employs an alkali extraction and weak anion-exchange column separation for distinguishing the Cr species, facilitating accurate Cr(VI) quantification within 1.5 min. This technique was applied to determine the Cr(VI) levels in a range of food products, including yoghurt, milk powder, rice flour, orange juice, green tea, white vinegar, and whole wheat bread. The results showed that no Cr(VI) was detected in these food products. Spiking experiments revealed that the recovery rate of Cr(VI) decreased with the increase in its contact time with food products. A further exploration of Cr(VI) in various food components such as vitamin C, tea polyphenols, whey proteins, gelatin, fructose, and cellulose indicated the conversion of Cr(VI) to organic Cr(III) over a period from 20 min to 60 h. It was found that high temperatures and acidic conditions accelerated the rate of Cr(VI) conversion to organic Cr(III) in the six food components mentioned above. This evidence suggests that natural reducing substances in foods probably prevent the occurrence of Cr(VI).