Characterization of Nanoparticles in Drinking Water Using Field-Flow Fractionation Coupled with Multi-Angle Light Scattering and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

Author:

Zarei Talie12ORCID,Colombo Marcos B. A.3,Fuchs Elmar C.12ORCID,Offerhaus Herman L.2ORCID,Gebauer Denis4ORCID,Agostinho Luewton L. F.13

Affiliation:

1. Wetsus, Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands

2. Optical Sciences Group, Faculty of Science and Technology (TNW), University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands

3. Water Technology Research Group, NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, 8917 DD Leeuwarden, The Netherlands

4. Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany

Abstract

The current absence of well-established and standardized methods for characterizing submicrometer- and nano-sized particles in water samples presents a significant analytical challenge. With the increasing utilization of nanomaterials, the potential for unintended exposure escalates. The widespread and persistent pollution of water by micro- and nanoplastics globally is a concern that demands attention, not only to reduce pollution but also to develop methods for analyzing these pollutants. Additionally, the analysis of naturally occurring nano entities such as bubbles and colloidal matter poses challenges due to the lack of systematic and consistent methodologies. This study presents Asymmetric Flow Field-Flow Fractionation (AF4) separation coupled with a UV-VIS spectrometer followed by Multi-Angle Light Scattering (MALS) for detection and size characterization of nanometric entities. It is coupled with an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) for elemental analysis. Water samples from different sources, such as untreated mountain spring water, groundwater, and bottled drinking water, were analyzed. The system was calibrated using pure particle standards of different metallic compositions. Our study demonstrates the capability of AF4-UV-MALS-ICP-MS to detect metals such as Al, Ba, Cu, and Zn in particles of around 200 nm diameter and Mg associated with very small particles between 1.5 and 10 nm in different drinking water samples.

Funder

European Union

Publisher

MDPI AG

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