Biochar as a Green Sorbent for Remediation of Polluted Soils and Associated Toxicity Risks: A Critical Review

Author:

Murtaza Ghulam1ORCID,Ahmed Zeeshan23,Eldin Sayed M.4ORCID,Ali Iftikhar56ORCID,Usman Muhammad7ORCID,Iqbal Rashid8ORCID,Rizwan Muhammad9,Abdel-Hameed Usama K.1011ORCID,Haider Asif Ali12ORCID,Tariq Akash23ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China

2. Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China

3. Cele National Station of Observation and Research for Desert-Grassland Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 848300, China

4. Center of Research, Faculty of Engineering, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, Egypt

5. Centre for Plant Sciences and Biodiversity, University of Swat, Charbagh 19120, Pakistan

6. Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA

7. Department of Botany, Government College University, Katcheri Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan

8. Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Pakistan, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan

9. School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China

10. Biology Department, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 42353, Saudi Arabia

11. Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt

12. College of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China

Abstract

Soil contamination with organic contaminants and various heavy metals has become a global environmental concern. Biochar application for the remediation of polluted soils may render a novel solution to soil contamination issues. However, the complexity of the decontaminating mechanisms and the real environment significantly influences the preparation and large-scale application of biochar for soil ramification. This review paper highlights the utilization of biochar in immobilizing and eliminating the heavy metals and organic pollutants from contaminated soils and factors affecting the remediation efficacy of biochar. Furthermore, the risks related to biochar application in unpolluted agricultural soils are also debated. Biochar production conditions (pyrolysis temperature, feedstock type, and residence time) and the application rate greatly influence the biochar performance in remediating the contaminated soils. Biochars prepared at high temperatures (800 °C) contained more porosity and specific surface area, thus offering more adsorption potential. The redox and electrostatic adsorption contributed more to the adsorption of oxyanions, whereas ion exchange, complexation, and precipitation were mainly involved in the adsorption of cations. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), dioxins, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) produced during biochar pyrolysis induce negative impacts on soil alga, microbes, and plants. A careful selection of unpolluted feedstock and its compatibility with carbonization technology having suitable operating conditions is essential to avoid these impurities. It would help to prepare a specific biochar with desired features to target a particular pollutant at a specific site. This review provided explicit knowledge for developing a cost-effective, environment-friendly specific biochar, which could be used to decontaminate targeted polluted soils at a large scale. Furthermore, future study directions are also described to ensure a sustainable and safe application of biochar as a soil improver for the reclamation of polluted soils.

Funder

research center of the Future University in Egypt

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Filtration and Separation,Analytical Chemistry

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