The Oligomeric Assemblies of Cytomegalovirus Core Nuclear Egress Proteins Are Associated with Host Kinases and Show Sensitivity to Antiviral Kinase Inhibitors

Abstract

The nucleo-cytoplasmic capsid egress of herpesviruses is a unique regulated process that ensures the efficiency of viral replication and release. For human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), the core of the nuclear egress complex (NEC) consists of the pUL50–pUL53 heterodimer that is able to oligomerize and thus to build hexameric lattices. These structures determine capsid binding and multicomponent protein interaction including NEC-associated host factors. The underlying characteristic of the core NEC formation is based on the N-terminal hook structure of pUL53 that binds into an alpha-helical groove of pUL50, and is thus described as a hook-into-groove interaction. This central regulatory element has recently been validated as a target of antiviral strategies, and first NEC-targeted prototypes of inhibitory small molecules were reported by our previous study. Here, we further analyzed the oligomerization properties of the viral NEC through an approach of chemical protein cross-linking. Findings were as follows: (i) a cross-link approach demonstrated the oligomeric state of the HCMV core NEC using material from HCMV-infected or plasmid-transfected cells, (ii) a Western blot-based identification of NEC-associated kinases using the cross-linked multicomponent NECs was successful, and (iii) we demonstrated the NEC-inhibitory and antiviral activity of specific inhibitors directed to these target kinases. Combined, the results strongly underline the functional importance of the oligomerization of the HCMV-specific NEC that is both phosphorylation-dependent and sensitive to antiviral kinase inhibitors.