Total Synthesis of the Four Stereoisomers of Cyclo(l-Trp-l-Arg) Raises Uncertainty of the Structures of the Natural Products and Invalidates Their Promising Antimicrobial Activities

Abstract

New therapeutic options to combat the growing incidence of antimicrobial resistance are urgently needed. A 2015 publication reported the isolation and biological evaluation of two diketopiperazine natural products, cyclo(l-Trp-l-Arg) (CDP 2) and cyclo(d-Trp-d-Arg) (CDP 3), from an Achromobacter sp. bacterium, finding that the latter metabolite in particular exhibited strong antibacterial activity towards a range of wound-related microorganisms and could synergize the action of ampicillin. Intrigued by these biological activities and noting inconsistencies in the structural characterization of the natural products, we synthesized the four diastereomers of cyclo(Trp-Arg) and evaluated them for antimicrobial and antibiotic enhancement properties. The detailed comparison of spectroscopic data raises uncertainty regarding the structure of CDP 2 and disproves the structure of CDP 3. In our hands, none of the four stereoisomers of cyclo(Trp-Arg) exhibited detectable intrinsic antimicrobial properties towards a range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria or fungi nor could they potentiate the action of antibiotics. These discrepancies in biological properties, compared with the activities reported in the literature, reveal that these specific cyclic dipeptides do not represent viable templates for the development of new treatments for microbial infections.