Electrochemical Determination of the Drug Colchicine in Pharmaceutical and Βiological Samples Using a 3D-Printed Device

Abstract

In this work, a simple, fast, and sensitive voltammetric method for the trace determination of the alkaloid drug colchicine (Colc) using a 3D-printed device is described. The electrochemical method was based on the adsorptive accumulation of the drug at a carbon-black polylactic acid (CB/PLA) working electrode, followed by voltammetric determination of the accumulated species. The plastic sensor was printed in a single step by a low-cost dual extruder 3D-printer and featured three CB/PLA electrodes (serving as working, reference, and counter electrodes) and a holder, printed from a non-conductive PLA filament. The electrochemical parameters that affected the response of the device towards Colc determination, such as accumulation time and potential, solution pH, and other variables, were optimized. Under the selected conditions, the oxidation current of Colc was proportional to the concentration of Colc, and its quantification was conducted in the concentration range of 0.6–2.2 μmol L−1 with a limit of detection of 0.11 μmol L−1 in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). Both within-device and between-device reproducibility were lower than 9%, revealing satisfactory operational and fabrication reproducibility. Furthermore, the 3D-printed device was employed for the voltammetric determination of Colc in pharmaceutical tablets and in human urine with satisfactory results, justifying its suitability for low-cost routine analysis of Colc.