Bacillus subtilis PS-216 Antagonistic Activities against Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 11168 Are Modulated by Temperature, Oxygen, and Growth Medium

Abstract

As the incidence of Campylobacter jejuni and campylobacteriosis grows, so does the need for a better understanding and control of this pathogen. We studied the interactions of C. jejuni NCTC 11168 and a potential probiotic, Bacillus subtilis PS-216, in cocultures at different starting ratios and temperatures (20 °C, 37 °C, 42 °C), under different atmospheres (aerobic, microaerobic), and in different growth media (Mueller–Hinton, chicken litter medium, chicken intestinal-content medium). Under microaerobic conditions, B. subtilis effectively inhibited the growth of C. jejuni at 42 °C (log reduction, 4.19), even when C. jejuni counts surpassed B. subtilis by 1000-fold in the starting inoculum. This inhibition was weaker at 37 °C (log reduction, 1.63), while no impact on CFUs was noted at 20 °C, which is a temperature nonpermissive of C. jejuni growth. Under aerobic conditions, B. subtilis supported C. jejuni survival. B. subtilis PS-216 inhibited the growth of C. jejuni in sterile chicken litter (4.07 log reduction) and in sterile intestinal content (2.26 log reduction). In nonsterile intestinal content, B. subtilis PS-216 was able to grow, to a lesser extent, compared to Mueller–Hinton media, still showing potential as a chicken probiotic that could be integrated into the chicken intestinal microbiota. This study showed the strong influence of environmental parameters on the variability of C. jejuni and B. subtilis interactions. Furthermore, B. subtilis PS-216 antagonism was strongest against C. jejuni NCTC 11168 under conditions that might represent conditions in the chicken environment (42 °C, microaerobic atmosphere, chicken litter medium).