Ruminant Salivary Microbes: Passenger or Player in the Rumen?

Abstract

Sampling of ruminant saliva has gained interest as a non-invasive proxy for exploring the structure of the rumen microbiome. However, the subsequent data analysis assumes that bacteria originating from the oral cavity are merely passengers in the rumen and play no active role. In this study, it was hypothesised that metabolically active oral bacteria present in the salivary microbiome play a role in the ruminal degradation of plant material. In vitro cultivation-based enumeration confirmed that the ruminant oral cavity harbours a significant number of anaerobic and cellulolytic bacteria that are metabolically active under ruminal conditions. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene profiling of in vitro enrichments also confirmed that oral-derived bacteria were capable of colonising plant material. Preliminary analysis of the colonising bacteria indicated that bacteria belonging to the genus Streptococcus were of particular interest. In conclusion, the findings of the current study clearly indicate that bolus-associated bacteria have the potential to play a metabolically active role in terms of ruminal colonisation and the degradation of plant material. This evidence confirms the merit of the hypothesis that the metabolically active oral bacteria present in the salivary microbiome may play a role in the ruminal degradation of plant material.