Multi-Objective Battery Coordination in Distribution Networks to Simultaneously Minimize CO2 Emissions and Energy Losses

Abstract

The techno–environmental analysis of distributed energy resources in electrical distribution networks is a complex optimization task due to the non-convexities of its nonlinear programming formulation. This research employs convex optimization to address this issue while minimizing the expected carbon dioxide emissions and daily energy losses of a distribution grid via the optimal dispatch of battery energy storage units (BESUs) and renewable energy units (REUs). The exact non-convex model is approximated via semi-definite programming in the complex variable domain. The optimal Pareto front is constructed using a weighting-based optimization approach. Numerical results using an IEEE 69-bus grid confirm the effectiveness of our proposal when considering unitary and variable power factor operation for the BESUs and the REUs. All numerical simulations were carried out using MATLAB software (version 2022b), a convex disciplined tool (CVX), and the semi-definite programming solvers SEDEUMI and SDPT3.