Monitoring Land Use/Land Cover and Landscape Pattern Changes at a Local Scale: A Case Study of Pyongyang, North Korea

Author:

Piao Yong1ORCID,Xiao Yi2ORCID,Ma Fengdi3ORCID,Park Sangjin4,Lee Dongkun5ORCID,Mo Yongwon6ORCID,Jeong Seunggyu7,Hwang Injae7,Kim Yujin7

Affiliation:

1. Interdisciplinary Program in Landscape Architecture and Integrated Major in Smart City Global Convergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea

2. College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China

3. Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea

4. Korea Adaptation Center for Climate Change, Korea Environment Institute, Sejong 30147, Republic of Korea

5. Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural System Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea

6. Department of Landscape Architecture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea

7. Animal Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 222689, Republic of Korea

Abstract

One method of understanding landscape pattern changes is through an understanding of land use/land cover (LULC) changes, which are closely related to landscape pattern changes. Previous studies have monitored LULC changes across North Korea but did not consider landscape changes at a local scale. Using multiple LULC products to construct sample points, the LULC was classified using a random-forest algorithm and Landsat satellite dataset. The overall accuracy of the classification was 97.66 ± 1.36%, and the Kappa coefficient was 0.95 ± 0.03. Based on the classification results, landscape indices were used to quantify and monitor landscape pattern changes. The results showed that, from 2000 to 2020, there was an increasing trend in built-up and forest areas in Pyongyang, while cropland showed a decreasing trend, and landscape fragmentation increased. However, urban expansion was not the main factor affecting fragmentation. The main factors were forest recovery and cropland reduction, leading to an increase in landscape fragmentation in Pyongyang.

Funder

Ministry of Environment (MOE) of the Republic of Korea

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

General Earth and Planetary Sciences

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