A Novel Scheme for Merging Active and Passive Satellite Soil Moisture Retrievals Based on Maximizing the Signal to Noise Ratio

Abstract

In this research, we developed and evaluated a new scheme for merging soil moisture (SM) retrievals from both passive and active microwave satellite estimates, based on maximized signal-to-noise ratios, in order to produce improved SM products using least-squares theory. The fractional mean-squared-error (fMSE) derived from the triple collocation method (TCM) was used for this purpose. The proposed scheme was applied by using a threshold between signal and noise at fMSE equal to 0.5 to maintain the high-quality SM observations. In the regions where TCM is unreliable, we propose four scenarios based on the determinations of correlations between all three SM products of TCM at significance levels (i.e., p-values). The proposed scheme was applied to combine SM retrievals from Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP), Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT), and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) to produce SMAP+ASCAT and AMSR2+ASCAT SM datasets at a global scale for the period from June 2015 to December 2017. The merged SM dataset performance was assessed against SM data from ground measurements of international soil moisture network (ISMN), Global Land Data Assimilation System-Noah (GLDAS-Noah) and ERA5. The results show that the two merged SM datasets showed significant improvement over their parent products in the high average temporal correlation coefficients (R) and the lowest root mean squared difference (RMSE), compared with in-situ measurements over different networks of ISMN. Moreover, these datasets outperformed their parent products over different land cover types in most regions of the world, with a high overall average temporal R and the lowest overall average RMSE value with GLDAS and ERA5. In addition, the suggested scenarios improved SM performance in the regions with unreliable TCMs.