Phenotypic, Anatomical, and Diel Variation in Sugar Concentration Linked to Cell Wall Invertases in Common Bean Pod Racemes under Water Restriction

Abstract

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) pod wall is essential for seed formation and to protect seeds. To address the effect of water restriction on sugar metabolism in fruits differing in sink strength under light–dark cycles, we used plants of cv. OTI at 100% field capacity (FC) and at 50% FC over 10 days at the beginning of pod filling. Water restriction intensified the symptoms of leaf senescence. However, pods maintained a green color for several days longer than leaves did. In addition, the functionality of pods of the same raceme was anatomically demonstrated, and no differences were observed between water regimes. The glucose and starch concentrations were lower than those of sucrose, independent of pod wall size. Remarkably, the fructose concentration decreased only under water restriction. The cell wall invertase activity was twofold higher in the walls of small pods than in those of large ones in both water regimes; similar differences were not evident for cytosolic or vacuolar invertase. Using bioinformatics tools, six sequences of invertase genes were identified in the P. vulgaris genome. The PvINVCW4 protein sequence contains substitutions for conserved residues in the sucrose-binding site, while qPCR showed that transcript levels were induced in the walls of small pods under stress. The findings support a promising strategy for addressing sink strength under water restriction.