Removal of Paracetamol and Cu2+ from Water by Using Porous Carbons Derived from Agrowastes

Author:

Ferreira Regiane C.1,de Araújo Thiago Peixoto2ORCID,Dias Diogo3,Bernardo Maria3ORCID,Lapa Nuno3ORCID,Fonseca Isabel M.3,de Barros Maria A. S. D.4

Affiliation:

1. Departamento EAD de Engenharia Híbridos, Centro Universitário de Maringá—UNICESUMAR, Av. Guedner, 1610—Jardim Aclimação, Maringá 87050-900, Paraná, Brazil

2. Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná—Campus Ponta Grosa, Ponta Grossa 84017-220, Paraná, Brazil

3. LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal

4. Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil

Abstract

Dende and babassu coconuts are largely used in tropical countries, namely in Brazil, for the extraction of oils from kernels. The remaining biowastes are industrially processed to produce porous carbons (PCs). PCs derived from dende and babassu biowastes and produced at an industrial scale have been characterized by textural, chemical, and ecotoxicological parameters. A commercial activated carbon (CC) of mineral origin has been used as a benchmarking material. Although the CC sample presented a higher surface area (SBET = 1083 m2/g), the PCs derived from the biowastes were richer in micropores (Vmicro = 0.25–0.26 cm3/g), while the CC carbon presented wider pore size distribution with a higher mesopore volume (Vmeso = 0.41 cm3/g). All the adsorbents used in this work have shown a non-acute ecotoxic behavior for the bacterium Vibrio fischeri (EC50-30 min > 99% v/v). The adsorbents have been tested for paracetamol and Cu2+ adsorption in mono- and bicomponent solutions. The uptake capacities of paracetamol (qe, 98–123 mg g−1) and Cu2+ (qe, 15–18 mg g−1) from monocomponent solutions were similar to the ones obtained in the bicomponent solutions, indicating no competition or cooperative effects but a site-specific adsorption. This finding represents an advantage for the removal of these adsorbates when present in the same solution as they can be adsorbed under similar rates as in the single systems. Paracetamol adsorption was related to micropore filling, π-π interactions, and H-bonding, whereas Cu2+ removal was attributed to the cation exchange mechanism and complexation to the hydroxyl groups at the carbons’ surface.

Funder

National Council for Scientific and Technological Development

Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Level

Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry—LAQV

FCT

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Process Chemistry and Technology,Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous),Bioengineering

Reference68 articles.

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2. Carrazza, L.R., Ávila, J.C.C., and da Silva, M.L. (2012). Manual Tecnológico de Aproveitamento Integral do Fruto do Babaçu, ISPN.

3. (2023, May 18). USDA Palm Oil Explorer, Available online: https://ipad.fas.usda.gov/cropexplorer/cropview/commodityView.aspx?cropid=4243000.

4. Babassu Mesocarp Flour: A Nutritive Brazilian By-product for Gluten-free Muffins;Thys;J. Culin. Sci. Technol.,2021

5. Kaniapan, S., Hassan, S., Ya, H., Patma Nesan, K., and Azeem, M. (2021). The Utilisation of Palm Oil and Oil Palm Residues and the Related Challenges as a Sustainable Alternative in Biofuel, Bioenergy, and Transportation Sector: A Review. Sustainability, 13.

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