Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella Species Isolates from Chickens in Live Bird Markets and Boot Swabs from Layer Farms in Timor-Leste

Author:

Pereira Abrao1,Sidjabat Hanna E.1,Davis Steven1,Vong da Silva Paulo Gabriel1,Alves Amalia1,Dos Santos Cristibela1,Jong Joanita Bendita da Costa2,da Conceição Felisiano2,Felipe Natalino de Jesus2,Ximenes Augusta2,Nunes Junilia2,Fária Isménia do Rosário2,Lopes Isabel2,Barnes Tamsin S.3,McKenzie Joanna4,Oakley Tessa1ORCID,Francis Joshua R.1ORCID,Yan Jennifer1,Ting Shawn1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Dili, Timor-Leste

2. Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Forestry, Government of Timor-Leste, Av. Nicolao Lobato, Comoro, Dili, Timor-Leste

3. Epivet Pty. Ltd., Withcott, QLD 4352, Australia

4. School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand

Abstract

The rapid emergence of antimicrobial resistance is a global concern, and high levels of resistance have been detected in chicken populations worldwide. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. isolated from healthy chickens in Timor-Leste. Through a cross-sectional study, cloacal swabs and boot swabs were collected from 25 live bird markets and two layer farms respectively. E. coli and Salmonella spp. from these samples were tested for susceptibility to six antimicrobials using a disk diffusion test, and a subset was tested for susceptibility to 27 antimicrobials using broth-based microdilution. E. coli and Salmonella spp. isolates showed the highest resistance towards either tetracycline or ampicillin on the disk diffusion test. E. coli from layer farms (odds ratio:5.2; 95%CI 2.0–13.1) and broilers (odds ratio:18.1; 95%CI 5.3–61.2) were more likely to be multi-drug resistant than those from local chickens. Based on the broth-based microdilution test, resistance to antimicrobials in the Timor-Leste Antimicrobial Guidelines for humans were low, except for resistance to ciprofloxacin in Salmonella spp. (47.1%). Colistin resistance in E. coli was 6.6%. Although this study shows that antimicrobial resistance in chickens was generally low in Timor-Leste, there should be ongoing monitoring in commercial chickens as industry growth might be accompanied with increased antimicrobial use.

Funder

Fleming Fund

Publisher

MDPI AG

Reference97 articles.

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2. Mulchandani, R., Wang, Y., Gilbert, M., and Van Boeckel, T.P. (2023). Global trends in antimicrobial use in food-producing animals: 2020 to 2030. PLoS Glob. Public Health, 3.

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