Geochemical Assessment of Gypsum Scale Formation in the Hydrated Lime Neutralization Facility of the Daedeok Mine, South Korea

Abstract

Scale is widely observed in the hydrated lime mine drainage treatment plant of the Daedeok Mine in South Korea. In order to understand the environment in terms of the formation of scale minerals, scale and water were collected from the AMD treatment facility and analyzed. In addition, the saturation index was calculated based on geochemical modeling to predict the minerals that could be produced in the AMD treatment facility, and the results were then compared with an analysis of onsite scale minerals. Furthermore, the onsite mine drainage was neutralized from pH 3 to pH 9 in the laboratory, and the precipitates produced were identified. The changes in the Ca2+ and SO42− concentrations were also identified over time for each pH. The results of geochemical modeling predicted the possible precipitation of gypsum, anhydrite, and bassanite after AMD neutralization. Scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) analysis results showed that the main mineral in scale formed at the AMD treatment facility was gypsum, produced by the reaction of SO42− and Ca2+ from lime during AMD. The laboratory neutralization experiment showed that gypsum was produced in all neutralization ranges from pH 3 to pH 9, and the higher the neutralization pH, the greater the amount of gypsum produced. It was demonstrated that simulated amounts of 2 g/L and 7 g/L gypsum at pH 5 and 9 were well matched with the experimental results. Iron (Fe), a major pollutant in the mine drainage system, was rapidly precipitated in the form of iron hydroxides after neutralization. As gypsum is produced slowly and continuously for a long period of time, it results in the growth of scale throughout the flow path. As a method of minimizing gypsum production in the AMD treatment facility using hydrated lime, it is recommended that the facility should be operated at the lowest pH possible, which will also enable the removal of major pollutants, such as iron and aluminum.