A Review on Recent Developments in the Extraction and Identification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Environmental Samples

Abstract

A class of hazardous chemical molecules known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are frequently detected in environmental samples such as soil, water, and air. Because of their carcinogenic and mutagenic qualities, PAHs pose a significant threat to both human health and the environment. Therefore, the identification and extraction of PAHs from environmental samples is crucial for monitoring and assessing their presence and potential risks. An overview of these recent advancements is given in this review, which includes the use of sophisticated analytical methods for the identification and measurement of PAHs in environmental samples, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The limitations of conventional extraction techniques such as Soxhlet extraction and liquid-liquid extraction, which are frequently labour-intensive, solvent-intensive, and prone to low selectivity, are highlighted in this review. In contrast, modern techniques such as Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) and Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) offer significant advantages, including reduced solvent use, faster processing times, and enhanced sensitivity and selectivity for PAHs. This review highlights the benefits of these advancements in facilitating faster, more accurate, and environmentally friendly PAH extraction and identification processes, focusing on overcoming the limitations of traditional methods such as chromatographic separation and detection. To improve our comprehension of PAH contamination and provide practical mitigation methods for their effects on the environment and human health, this field needs ongoing research and development.