Heart Rate Variability and Global Longitudinal Strain for Prognostic Evaluation and Recovery Assessment in Conservatively Managed Post-Myocardial Infarction Patients

Abstract

Background: Heart rate variability (HRV) is the fluctuation in the time intervals between adjacent heartbeats. HRV is a measure of neurocardiac function that is produced by dynamic autonomic nervous system (ANS) processes and is a simple measure that estimates cardiac autonomic modulation. Methods: The study included 108 patients admitted to the Coronary Intensive Care Unit with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) who did not undergo primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) or systemic thrombolysis and followed conservative management. All patients underwent detailed clinical, biological, and paraclinical assessments, including evaluation of HRV parameters and echocardiographic measurements. The analysis of RR variability in both time and frequency domains indicates that the negative prognosis of patients with AMI is associated with an overall imbalance in the neuro-vegetative system. The HRV parameters were acquired using continuous 24 h electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring at a baseline, after 1 month, and 6 months. Results: Our analysis reveals correlations between alterations in HRV parameters and the increased risk of adverse events and mortality after AMI. The study found a significant improvement in HRV parameters over time, indicating better autonomic regulation post-AMI. The standard deviation of all RR intervals (SDNN) increased significantly from baseline (median 75.3 ms, IQR 48.2–100) to 1 month (median 87 ms, IQR 55.7–111) and further to 6 months (median 94.2 ms, IQR 67.6–118) (p < 0.001 for both comparisons). The root mean square of successive difference of RR (RMSSD) also showed significant increases at each time point, from baseline (median 27 ms, IQR 22–33) to 1 month (median 30.5 ms, IQR 27–38) and from 1 month to 6 months (median 35 ms, IQR 30–42) (p < 0.001 for all comparisons), indicating enhanced parasympathetic activity. Moreover, changes in HRV parameters have been associated with impaired left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) and global longitudinal strain (GLS), indicating a relationship between autonomic dysfunction and myocardial deformation. GLS values improved from a baseline median of −11% (IQR 5%) to −13% (IQR 4%) at 6 months (p < 0.001), reflecting better myocardial function. Conclusions: HRV parameters and cardiac performance analysis, especially using GLS, offer a solid framework for evaluating recovery and predicting adverse outcomes post-MI.