Dose Dependence Effect in Biallelic WNT10A Variant-Associated Tooth Agenesis Phenotype

Abstract

The goal of this study was to identify the pathogenic gene variants in patients with odonto-onycho-dermal dysplasia syndrome (OODD) or nonsyndromic tooth agenesis. Four unrelated individuals with tooth agenesis and their available family members were recruited. Peripheral blood was collected from four probands and five family members. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing were used to identify the pathogenic gene variants. The harmfulness of these variations was predicted by bioinformatics. We identified four biallelic variants of the WNT10A gene in four patients, respectively: the proband#660: c.1176C > A (p.Cys392*) and c.812G > A (p.Cys271Tyr); the proband#681: c.637G > A (p.Gly213Ser) and c.985C > T (p.Arg329*); the proband#829: c.511C > T (p.Arg171Cys) and c.637G > A (p.Gly213Ser); and the proband#338: c.926A> G (p.Gln309Arg) and c.511C > T (p.Arg171Cys). Among them, two variants (c.812G > A; p.Cys271Tyr and c.985C > T; p.Arg329*) were previously unreported. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the pathogenicity of these six variants was different. Tertiary structure analysis showed that these variants were predicted to cause structural damage to the WNT10A protein. Genotype–phenotype analysis showed that the biallelic variants with more harmful effects, such as nonsense variants, caused OODD syndrome (#660 Ⅱ-1) or severe nonsyndromic tooth agenesis (NSTA) (#681 Ⅱ-1); the biallelic variants with less harmful effects, such as missense variants, caused a mild form of NSTA (#829 Ⅱ-2 and #338 Ⅱ-1). Individuals with a heterozygous variant presented a mild form of NSTA or a normal state. Our results further suggest the existence of the dose dependence of WNT10A pathogenicity on the tooth agenesis pattern, which broadens the variation spectrum and phenotype spectrum of WNT10A and could help with clinical diagnosis, treatment, and genetic counseling.