Catalyst-Enhancing Hydrothermal Carbonization of Biomass for Hydrochar and Liquid Fuel Production—A Review

Author:

Rasaq Waheed A.1ORCID,Okpala Charles Odilichukwu R.2ORCID,Igwegbe Chinenye Adaobi13ORCID,Białowiec Andrzej1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Chełmońskiego Str., 51-630 Wrocław, Poland

2. UGA Cooperative Extension, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA

3. Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka 420218, Nigeria

Abstract

The research impact of catalysts on the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process remains an ongoing debate, especially regarding the quest to enhance biomass conversion into fuels and chemicals, which requires diverse catalysts to optimize bio-oil utilization. Comprehensive insights and standardized analytical methodologies are crucial for understanding HTC’s potential benefits in terms of biomass conversion stages. This review seeks to understand how catalysts enhance the HTC of biomass for liquid fuel and hydrochar production, drawing from the following key sections: (a) catalyst types applied in HTC processes; (b) biochar functionality as a potential catalyst; (c) catalysts increasing the success of HTC process; and (d) catalyst’s effect on the morphological and textural character of hydrochar. The performance of activated carbon would greatly increase via catalyst action, which would progress the degree of carbonization and surface modification, alongside key heteroatoms. As catalytic HTC technology advances, producing carbon materials for thermochemical activities will become more cost-effective, considering the ever-growing demands for high-performance thermochemical technologies.

Funder

Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences

Publisher

MDPI AG

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