Phytohormones Producing Acinetobacter bouvetii P1 Mitigates Chromate Stress in Sunflower by Provoking Host Antioxidant Response

Abstract

Different physical and chemical techniques are used for the decontamination of Cr+6 contaminated sites. The techniques are expensive, laborious, and time-consuming. However, remediation of Cr+6 by microbes is viable, efficient, and cost-effective. In this context, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria Acinetobacter bouvetii P1 isolated from the industrial zone was tested for its role in relieving Cr+6 induced oxidative stress in sunflower. At the elevated Cr+6 levels and in the absence of P1, the growth of the sunflower plants was inhibited. In contrast, the selected strain P1 restored the sunflower growth under Cr+6 through plant growth–promoting interactions. Specifically, P1 biotransformed the Cr+6 into a stable and less toxic Cr+3 form, thus avoiding the possibility of phytotoxicity. On the one hand, the P1 strengthened the host antioxidant system by triggering higher production of enzymatic antioxidants, including catalases, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase. Similarly, P1 also promoted higher production of nonenzymatic antioxidants, such as flavonoids, phenolics, proline, and glutathione. Apart from the bioremediation, P1 solubilized phosphate and produced indole acetic acid, gibberellic acid, and salicylic acid. The production of phytohormones not only helped the host plant growth but also mitigated the harsh condition posed by the elevated levels of Cr+6. The findings mentioned above suggest that P1 may serve as an excellent phyto-stimulant and bio-remediator in a heavy metal-contaminated environment.