Low-Energy Clay–Cement Slurries Find Application as Waterproofing Membranes for Limiting the Migration of Contaminants—Case Studies in Poland

Abstract

The purpose of this review was to present clay–cement suspensions that are mainly used in the construction and renovation of hydrotechnical facilities and flood protection. We present the characteristics of clay–cement slurries that are used in waterproofing barriers. One of their significant components are clays of different types and origins. Examples of kaolin-type and smectite-type clays, which are associated minerals, as balanced components of suspensions are presented. As mentioned, before the hydration process, barriers are suspended, and the main test methods are rheometric measurements. Their rheological parameters, extremely important from the point of view of injection mechanics, are shown. The higher the flow limit and faster the reconstruction of thixotropic structures, the higher the energy input of the injection processes. After the hydration process, it is important to form agglomerates and seal the barrier; therefore, we present a summary of the strength results, filtration coefficients and microscopic images of the resulting structures. Additional properties of such barriers in terms of limiting contaminant migration are indicated. One of the aspects affecting the use of liquid slurries is their application methods; thus, a summary of low-energy slurry injection methods is also presented.