Hardwoods: Anatomy and Functionality of Their Elements—A Short Review

Abstract

Hardwoods are complex heterogeneous and orthotropic structures that have evolved to the present day, adapting to successive climate episodes to prosper on Earth. Attributing a specific functionality to individual hardwood elements is difficult because of their interconnection in this heterogeneous three-dimensional network. However, tree physiology research is helping to enhance knowledge in this field. This work is a short review of the possible functionalities of hardwood elements, in some cases supported by experimentation and in others by comparative anatomy. It is intended for students or researchers starting out in the world of hardwood anatomy to aid their understanding of the functionality of hardwood elements.