4.6-Bit Quantization for Fast and Accurate Neural Network Inference on CPUs

Author:

Trusov Anton123ORCID,Limonova Elena12ORCID,Nikolaev Dmitry24ORCID,Arlazarov Vladimir V.12ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Mathematical Software for Computer Science, Federal Research Center “Computer Science and Control” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia

2. Smart Engines Service LLC, 117312 Moscow, Russia

3. Phystech School of Applied Mathematics and Informatics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia

4. Vision Systems Laboratory, Institute for Information Transmission Problems of Russian Academy of Sciences, 127051 Moscow, Russia

Abstract

Quantization is a widespread method for reducing the inference time of neural networks on mobile Central Processing Units (CPUs). Eight-bit quantized networks demonstrate similarly high quality as full precision models and perfectly fit the hardware architecture with one-byte coefficients and thirty-two-bit dot product accumulators. Lower precision quantizations usually suffer from noticeable quality loss and require specific computational algorithms to outperform eight-bit quantization. In this paper, we propose a novel 4.6-bit quantization scheme that allows for more efficient use of CPU resources. This scheme has more quantization bins than four-bit quantization and is more accurate while preserving the computational efficiency of the later (it runs only 4% slower). Our multiplication uses a combination of 16- and 32-bit accumulators and avoids multiplication depth limitation, which the previous 4-bit multiplication algorithm had. The experiments with different convolutional neural networks on CIFAR-10 and ImageNet datasets show that 4.6-bit quantized networks are 1.5–1.6 times faster than eight-bit networks on the ARMv8 CPU. Regarding the quality, the results of the 4.6-bit quantized network are close to the mean of four-bit and eight-bit networks of the same architecture. Therefore, 4.6-bit quantization may serve as an intermediate solution between fast and inaccurate low-bit network quantizations and accurate but relatively slow eight-bit ones.

Publisher

MDPI AG

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